TABLE: Levels of Evidence

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Levels of Evidence^a

Levels of Evidence^a

Level of Evidence	Grade	Definition
1	A	Independent blinded comparison of sign or symptom results with a criterion standard of diagnosis among a large number of consecutive patients suspected of having the target condition
2	B	Independent blinded comparison of sign or symptom with a criterion standard of diagnosis among a small number of consecutive patients suspected of having the target condition
3	C	Independent blinded comparison of sign or symptom with a criterion standard of diagnosis among nonconsecutive patients suspected of having the target condition
4	C	Nonindependent comparison of sign or symptom with a criterion standard of diagnosis among samples of patients who obviously have the target condition plus, perhaps, normal individuals
5	C	Nonindependent comparison of sign or symptom with a standard of uncertain validity

^aModified from Holleman and Simel.¹³

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