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TABLE: Levels of Evidence

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Levels of Evidencea
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Levels of Evidencea
Level of Evidence Grade Definition
1 A Independent blinded comparison of sign or symptom results with a criterion standard of diagnosis among a large number of consecutive patients suspected of having the target condition
2 B Independent blinded comparison of sign or symptom with a criterion standard of diagnosis among a small number of consecutive patients suspected of having the target condition
3 C Independent blinded comparison of sign or symptom with a criterion standard of diagnosis among nonconsecutive patients suspected of having the target condition
4 C Nonindependent comparison of sign or symptom with a criterion standard of diagnosis among samples of patients who obviously have the target condition plus, perhaps, normal individuals
5 C Nonindependent comparison of sign or symptom with a standard of uncertain validity

aModified from Holleman and Simel.13

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