TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Glossary
A1  - Livingston, Edward H.
A1  - Lewis, Roger J.
PY  - 2019
T2  - JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods
AB  - Table  Graphic  Jump  Location|Download  (.pdf)|PrintTermDefinitionAbsolute  differenceThe  absolute  difference  in  rates  of  good  or  harmful  outcomes  between  experimental  groups  (experimental  group  risk  [EGR])  and  control  groups  (control  group  risk  [CGR]),  calculated  as  the  risk  in  the  control  group  minus  the  risk  in  the  experimental  group  (CGR  –  EGR).  For  instance,  if  the  rate  of  adverse  events  is  20%  in  the  control  group  and  10%  in  the  treatment  group,  the  absolute  difference  is  20%  −  10%  =  10%.ACS  NSQIP-PSee  National  Surgical  Quality  Improvement  Program  Pediatric  (NSQIP-P).American  College  of  Surgeon  Trauma  Quality  Improvement  Program  (ACS  TQIP)Implemented  in  2010  to  improve  the  quality  of  care  for  trauma  patients.  See  also  National  Trauma  Data  Bank  (NTDB).Analysis  of  covariance  (ANCOVA)The  linear  model  used  for  covariate  adjusting.  It  assumes,  for  all  possible  values  of  covariates,  that  covariate  effect  size  (ES)  is  equal  to  typical  ES;  that  is,  that  there  is  no  interaction  between  the  covariates  and  the  treatment  effect.Analysis  of  variance  (ANOVA)Statistical  method  used  to  compare  a  continuous  dependent  variable  and  more  than  1  nominal  independent  variable.  Often  used  for  analyzing  longitudinal  data.  ANOVA  does  not  have  the  flexibility  of  mixed  models  of  analysis  and  can  yield  misleading  results  if  its  more  rigid  assumptions  (eg,  all  effects  are  considered  fixed)  are  not  met.Area  under  the  ROC  curve  (AUROC)Technique  used  to  measure  the  performance  of  a  test  plotted  on  a  receiver  operating  characteristic  (ROC)  curve  or  to  measure  drug  clearance  in  pharmacokinetic  studies.  When  measuring  test  performance,  the  larger  the  AUC,  the  better  the  test  performance.  A  model  with  perfect  sensitivity  and  specificity  would  have  an  AUROC  of  1.  See  also  Receiver  operating  characteristic  (ROC)  curve.Bayesian  analysisA  statistical  method  that  uses  prior  knowledge  (eg,  prior  probability,  conditional  probability  or  likelihood)  combined  with  data  to  obtain  a  new  probability.Bayesian  hierarchical  model  (BHM)A  statistical  procedure  that  integrates  information  across  many  levels,  so  multiple  quantities  are  estimated  simultaneously,  and  explicitly  separates  the  observed  variability  into  parts  attributable  to  random  differences  and  true  differences.BiasSystematic  deviation  from  the  underlying  truth  because  of  a  feature  of  the  design  or  conduct  of  a  research  study  (eg,  overestimation  of  a  treatment  effect  because  of  failure  to  randomize).Bonferroni  correctionA  statistical  adjustment  to  the  threshold  P  value  to  adjust  for  multiple  comparisons.  The  usual  threshold  for  statistical  significance  (α)  is  0.05.  To  perform  a  Bonferroni  correction,  one  divides  the  critical  P  value  by  the  number  of  comparisons  being  made.  For  example,  if  10  hypotheses  are  being  tested,  the  new  critical  P  value  would  be  α/10,  usually  0.05/10  or  0.005.  The  Bonferroni  correction  represents  a  simple  adjustment  but  is  very  conservative  (ie,  less  likely  than  other  methods  to  give  a  significant  result).C  statisticThe  C  statistic  is  the  probability  that,  given  2  individuals  (one  who  experiences  the  outcome  of  interest  and  the  other  who  does  not  or  who  experiences  it  later),  the  model  will  yield  a  higher  risk  for  the  first  patient  than  for  the  second.  The  C  is  short  for  “concordance”  between  model  estimates  of  risk  and  the  observed  events.  See  also  Area  under  the  ROC  curve  (AUROC)  and  Receiver  operating  ...
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - jamaevidence.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1184195661
ER  -